След десет години съществуване, специализираните наказателни съдилища и съответните прокуратури към тях са на път да бъдат закрити и изпратени в историята.
В края на миналата година (със 130 гласа „За”) народните представители дадоха зелена светлина на закриването на Специализирания наказателен съд, Апелативния специализиран наказателен съд и съответните специализирани прокуратури. Причината за премахването на спецправораздаването у нас е неговата неефективност.
Специализираният наказателен съд е разгледал през 2012 г. (годината на създаването му) – 2294 броя дела, през 2013 г. – 1654 броя, през 2014 г. – 1915 броя, и през 2015 г. – 2895 броя. Важно е да уточним, че 90% от тях са частни наказателни дела. По данни на Министерството на правосъдието, делата по същество (наказателните дела от общ характер) са приблизително 3% от общия брой постъпили дела в съда.
Така например за 2020 г. от постъпилите общо 6 418 дела само 174 от тях са по същество. Останалите 6 244 броя са от частен характер, като почти половината от тях се отнасят до съдебен контрол върху: задържането под стража в досъдебното производство, разпит пред съдия и разрешаване на различни процесуално-следствени действия (достъп до трафични данни, претърсване и изземване, обиск, задържане и изземване на кореспонденция и др.) Останалата част – 2 992 броя от делата от частен характер са за разрешаване за прилагането на специални разузнавателни средства (СРС). Към днешна дата специализираният съд разглежда 176 дела по същество.
Какво ще се случи със стартиралите вече дела?
Съгласно законопроекта, голяма част от делата ще се прехвърлят на Окръжните съдилища в страната като една малка част ще бъдат разпределени в Софийски градски съд. Това означава, че работата на съдиите и прокурорите към съответните съдилища ще се увеличи, но съразмерно с броя на делата разглеждани в специализирания съд. Съдейки от цитираните данни, натовареността на съдилищата няма да се увеличи съществено. Основното е, че Окръжните съдилища ще разглеждат дела, които от десет години не са им били подсъдни, което навежда на размисъл относно подготовката на магистратите и евентуалните пропуски в тяхната работа.
Промените, които ще настъпят в статута на преназначените магистрати ще са несъществени. На първо място, те вече няма да са магистрати в Специализирания съд или прокуратура, а ще бъдат преназначени по Закона за съдебната власт към Окръжните съдилища в страната. Това ще стане след като ВСС (като висш съдебен орган) преназначи магистратите, които са били на щат до момента на закриване на специализираното правосъдие. За тази цел е необходимо да се изготвят правила съгласно законопроекта, по които това да се осъществи. Разбира се, много от магистратите ще предпочетат да останат в столицата, което е и тяхно право. Нека обаче не забравяме, че болшинството от тях бяха командировани от страната, от техните родни места, когато беше сформирано специализираното правораздаване.
В законопроекта е предвиден срок, в който ВСС трябва да изготви правилата за преназначаването на около тридесет съдии и шестдесет прокурори. Тези правила трябва да разкрият нови щатни длъжности, по които ще се преразпределят магистратите. Водещо при тяхното преназначение ще е натовареността на наказателните отделения, намиращи се в областните градове.
Възнагражденията на магистратите няма да претърпят промени. В бюджета на ВСС са предвидени бюджетни средства за техните възнаграждения, като при закриването на тези звена, ВСС ще преразпредели нужните средства, като те ще следват магистратите.
Част от магистратите излязоха с декларация, че приемат преназначението си като дискриминация, което реално не отговаря на истината. Всеки магистрат от закриваните звена ще бъда преназначен на същото ниво на закриваните съд и прокуратура. Вгради линк към декларацията им: линк https://spns.justice.bg/ Тоест те ще запазят своя ранг на окръжни или апелативни съдии и прокурори, които те имат към момента.
Кой ще довърши делата от голяма обществена значимост?
В законопроекта е предвидено СГС да поеме всички висящи дела към момента на закриване на Специализирания наказателен съд, а Апелативния съд – София ще поеме всички дела на Апелативния специализиран наказателен съд. Съгласно принципа за несменяемост на съдебния състав на съда започнатите съдебни производства ще бъдат довършени от същите състави. За целта след преразпределението на съдия от Специализирания наказателен съд, например в Окръжен съд – Пловдив, то той ще бъде командирован в СГС, за да довърши започналото вече съдебно производство. Към момента такива висящи дела са неповече от тридесетина.
Предложените законодателни, структурно-организационни промени в специализираното правосъдие имат за цел да гарантират независимост на съдебната власт и защита на конституционните права на българските граждани. За периода на съществуването си, специализираното правосъдие не можа да постигне своите цели, което беше отбелязано и в редица доклади на европейските институции. Специализираното правораздаване е неефективно и поради тази причина е и ненужно.
Търсеният положителен ефект е, че не една малка част от магистратите в страната ще разглеждат тези дела, досега подсъдни на специализирания съд, а един по-широк кръг от магистрати. По този начин се прави опит да се гарантира по-голяма независимост на съда и гарантиране на справедлив процес на българските граждани.
След като премине процедурата по приемане на законопроекта в закона е предвиден тримесечен срок в който трябва да се приключи със закриването и преназначаването на съдиите, прокурорите и следователите.
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